基于雪岭云杉树轮的阿克苏河干流冬季径流重建

基于阿克苏河上游高山区采集的雪岭云杉树轮样芯构建了雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表,结合阿克苏河干流径流数据解析了雪岭云杉长期生长与阿克苏河干流径流关系,并重建了阿克苏河干流1813—2015年冬季径流序列。结果表明:利用雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表重建的阿克苏河干流1813—2015年冬季径流序列模拟值与实测值吻合度较高,重建径流序列稳定可靠;1813—2015年阿克苏河干流冬季多年平均流量为82.19 m~3/s,共出现5次持续丰水期和3次持续枯水期,最长的枯水段持续17年(1943—1959年);阿克苏河干流冬季径流变化存在51 a、29 a、16 a周期,第一主周期为51 a。     

Chemical response of Picea glehnii seed-epiphytic Penicillium species to Pythium vexans under in vitro competitive conditions for mycelial growth

The potential protection of Picea glehnii seedlings from damping-off by seed-epiphytic Penicillium species was investigated. We studied the chemical response of seed-epiphytic Penicillium species (Pen. cyaneum, Pen. damascenum, and Pen. implicatum) to Pythium vexans, a damping-off fungus, in vitro. Penicillium species were cultured singly or cocultured with Pyt. vexans for 14 or 18 d, and mycelial growth, pH of culture filtrate, antifungal activity of the culture filtrate against Pyt. vexans, and the amount of antifungal compound produced by each Penicillium species, were examined. The filtrate of both the single culture of Penicillium and the coculture of Penicillium and Pyt. vexans showed antifungal activity against Pyt. vexans. In a coculture with Pyt. vexans, Pen. cyaneum produced an antifungal compound (patulin) as in the single culture. Pen. damascenum cocultured with Pyt. vexans produced an antifungal compound (citrinin), as it did in the single culture and in larger amounts on day 10. Pen. implicatum produced two antifungal compounds, frequentin and palitantin, and the ratio of frequentin (with higher antifungal activity than palitantin) to palitantin was higher in the coculture with Pyt. vexans than in the single culture. Our results indicate that these Penicillium species have the ability to produce antifungal compounds and to keep antifungal activity under competitive condition with Pyt. vexans. The chemical response of these Penicillium species to Pyt. vexans may contribute to protect P. glehnii seedlings from damage by Pyt. vexans.     

Drought Stress Alters the Concentration of Wood Terpenoids in Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Seedlings

Drought is known to have an impact on the resistance of conifers to various pests, for example, by affecting resin flow in trees. Little is known, however, about the quantitative and qualitative changes in resin when trees are growing in low moisture conditions. We exposed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings to medium and severe drought stress for two growing seasons and analyzed the monoterpenes and resin acids in the main stem wood after two years of treatment. In addition to secondary chemistry, we measured the level of nutrients in the needles and the growth response of seedlings. After the first year of treatment, drought stress did not affect the growth of seedlings, but in the second year, shoot growth was retarded, especially in Scots pine. In both conifer species, severe drought increased the concentrations of several individual monoterpenes and resin acids. Total monoterpenes and resin acids were 39 and 32% higher in severe drought-treated Scots pine seedlings than in the controls, and 35 and 45% higher in Norway spruce seedlings. In Scots pine needles, the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus increased, while magnesium and calcium decreased compared to controls. In Norway spruce needles, nutrient concentrations were not affected. The results suggest that drought stress substantially affects both the growth of conifers and the chemical quality of the wood. We discuss the potential trade-off in growth and defense of small conifer seedlings.     

Allelopathic effect of phenolic acids from humic solutions on two spruce mycorrhizal fungi:Cenococcum graniforme andLaccaria laccata

The aim of this investigation was to determine the impact ofp-hydroxyacetophenone,p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechol, and protocatechuic acid on respiration of two spruce mycorrhizal fungi:Laccaria laccata andCenococcum graniforme. These phenols are produced byVaccinium myrtillus,Athyrium filixfemina, andPicea abies, predominant species of spruce forests in the Alps, and they are also present in humic solutions at 10^–10 M or 10^–5 M. Respiration of the two fungi was inhibited by the four phenolic acids, even at concentrations ranging from 10^–5 M to 10^–7 M. These data show phenolic acids from humic solutions have biological activity at extremely low concentrations, suggesting a contribution ofV. myrtillus, A. filixfemina, andP. abies to allelopathic inhibition of mycorrhizal fungi.     

The effect of anisotropicity of Norway spruce (Picea abies) during two-body abrasion

The effect of anisotropicity of Norway spruce (Picea abies) during two-body abrasive wear was investigated by rubbing the wood with five different orientations while using constant surface pressure and a sanding belt with very fine abrasive grits. The anisotropic nature was found to affect the microstructure of the worn surface and the breakage mechanism of the surface. The properties of the particles that were released from the surface during abrasion were dependent on the grinding orientation and if the particle originated from early- or latewood. The wear process was influenced by the anisotropic nature of wood.     

贮藏条件对红皮云杉种鳞多酚含量及抗氧化功能的影响

本试验以红皮云杉种鳞为原料,研究pH值、光照、温度、金属离子及添加剂等贮藏条件对红皮云杉种鳞多酚含量及抗氧化功能的影响。试验结果显示,4℃低温和避光条件下,红皮云杉种鳞多酚最稳定,保留率依次为93.08%、87.23%,DPPH自由基清除率依次为80.65%、82.16%,总还原力OD值依次为0.854、0.798。酸性条件对红皮云杉种鳞多酚含量影响较小,碱性条件破坏红皮云杉种鳞多酚,pH 2条件下多酚保留率、DPPH·清除率和总还原力OD值分别是pH 10的2.21倍、4.56倍、2.78倍。添加钠、钾、钙离子对红皮云杉种鳞多酚含量和抗氧化功能无显著影响,而铜、锌、铁离子能够显著降低多酚含量和抗氧化功能。浓度高于30%的蔗糖和0.01%苯甲酸钠能够延缓红皮云杉种鳞多酚的降解,对抗氧化稳定性无显著影响。本试验在降解试验的基础上探究贮藏条件对红皮云杉种鳞多酚抗氧化功能的影响,将为多酚的应用开创新的前景。     

红皮云杉原花青素的配合性质及配合物的抗氧化活性研究

研究了二次纯化后的红皮云杉球果原花青素与金属离子（Fe2+、Zn2+）螯合、与蛋白质大分子（牛血清蛋白）络合反应的条件。考察了原花青素浓度、温度和pH对配合反应的影响,优化了反应条件,并进一步通过体外抗氧化实验考察了配合体的性质。结果表明,优化后原花青素与Fe2+、Zn2+螯合率分别为89.12%±1.06%、88.31%±0.87%,与牛血清蛋白络合率为91.78%±1.25%。原花青素经过配合后其生物活性有一定的增强,且不同配合物的生物活性增强程度不同,但均具有较强的ABTS+·、DPPH·的清除能力和还原力,其浓度在一定范围内与清除能力呈量效关系。      

Relationships betweenDendroctonus micans Kug. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) survival and development and biochemical changes in Norway Spruce,Picea abies (L.) Karst., phloem caused by mechanical wounding

The bark of Norway spruce trees,Picea abies (L.) Karst., was wounded to produce areas of bark with differing biochemical characteristics. Adults and larvae ofDendroctonus micans Kug. were inserted into these trees at points around the wounds. Larval survival was higher, larval dry weights were higher, and adults were more likely to oviposit at sites around the wound that had higher phloem moisture contents. Larvae showed higher survival and dry weights in phloem with low terpene contents. Adults oviposited in phloem with lower stilbene glucoside contents. Phloem moisture differed at sites around the wound compared with that at a control site away from the wound, and the nitrogen content of entire bark cores was higher above wounds than at control sites away from the wounds. Phloem moisture correlated with the nitrogen content of entire bark. Phloem terpene contents correlated with each other, as did the stilbene contents. Associations between the host exploitation pattern ofD. micans and the biochemistry of the host phloem are discussed in relation to preselection by adults of sites suitable for larval development.     

Effect of a Rugulosin-producing Endophyte in Picea glauca on Choristoneura fumiferana

Disease-free second instar Choristoneura fumiferana (eastern spruce budworm) were placed on trees infected with a rugulosin-producing needle endophyte in two experiments. They were allowed to grow to sixth instar when survivors were collected. First, by using 3-yr old trees, a comparison was made of budworm growth on infected and uninfected trees. A second experiment used 4-yr old trees to study the effect of rugulosin content in the needle on growth. This permitted an examination of a dose response in relation to growth, and allowed us to eliminate the potential for differences in environment or foliar chemistry affecting the results. At sixth instar, budworms feeding on infected trees that contained rugulosin were smaller than those on uninfected trees. At needle concentrations above the dietary low observed effect level of rugulosin for C. fumerana >0.5 μg g⁻¹, a dose response was seen. For the first time, this demonstrates an inverse effect in outdoor nursery experiments between budworm weight and rugulosin concentration.